Intro to Literature

Poetry

Point of View: Perspective which story is told.

Tone: Attitude toward subject.

Rhyme Scheme: Pattern of rhyme with individual poem or fixed pattern. (abab)

Meter: Regular, rhythmatic pattern in verse. Involve stressed syllabols.

Iambic Pentameter: a common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable

Iambic tetrameter-4 iambs

Iambic trimeter-3 iambs

Iambic Dimeter- 2 iambs

Monometer- 1 iamb

Hexameter- 6

Heptometer- 7

Octometer- 8

Nonameter- 9

Decameter- 10

Ex: Trochiac Octameter:

Once Upon a Midnight Dreary while I pondered weak and weary.

8 Feet

Figure of Speech: What it might mean, not the literal meaning.

Metaphor: Comparing without using like or as. Any broad comparison.

Simile: Comparing using like or as.

Ballad Meter: p. 770, my life had stood a loaded gun (8, 6, 8,6), written as a song.

Sonnet: 14 lines, sometimes in iambic pentameter, ababcdcdefefgg, couplet, quatrains.

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? “But thy eternal summer shall not fade.”

Couplet: 2 stanzas long.

Quatrains: 4 line unit

Anapest: Two unstressed followed by a stressed syllabol. On a boat, in a slump.

Dactyl: one stressed syllable is followed by two unstressed. Battery, wonderful.

Stanza: reocurring pattern of two or more lines of verse

Irony: Writer says one thing, means the opposite.

Blank Verse: Unrhymed iambic pentameter.

Shakespearen Sonnet: Iambic rhyme scheme (p.857) sonnet, 3 quatrains, abab, couplet, conclusion at the end.

Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet: 1 octave, 1 seset, transition in shift in poem.

Symbol: Something concrete that stands for something abstract.

Allegory:

Philosophy of the Arts

Aristotle Poetics

“Poetry” is literature

-includes dream (tragedies)

-Tragedy imitates and represents actions people do (serious, possible), events

Formulation

1. idacticism

6 Elements of Tragety

• plot (sequence of action)

• thought (thoughts of people performing actions, what motivates them)

• style (rhyme, rhythm, etc)

• character (moral characters)

• lyric poetry (songs)

• spectacle (props, costumes, the visual)

Importance order

-plot

-character

-thought

-style

-lyric poetry

-spectacle

Tragedies express universals rather than particulars

Form of Plot

• complete (no outside events)

• whole (beginning, middle, end)

• of a certain magnitude (take place in a single day)

• unity (no sub plots)

Plots

• Simple

• Complex (involves recognition and/or reversal) (transition from ignorance to knowledge..oedipus)

Tragedy should arouse fear and pity and affect a katharsis (release emotions, get rid of them)of these emotions.

• Purging

• perfection/purification

  (you learn how to react after witnessing the characters in the events of the play)

Hamartia

“mistake, tragic flaw”

Deeds done

with knowledge

without knowledge, but later recognizes it

without knowledge, but recognition right before

with knowledge, but character fails to follow through

--

Airistotle 2678,10, 11, 13, 14Plato's Republic

Theory of Forms

True reality

1. Transcendent world of the forms (perfect, higher world-other realms, heaven, etc)

(form of bed: ideal bedness itself)

(form of good) (form of beauty)

2. Worlds:

physical

empirical

(physical bed)

The carpenters, makers. They look to #1.

3. Art

Painters, artists.

Dangers of art:

Morally (appeals to emotions)(reason should control life)

Teaches wrong lessons how to live life.

Not true reality

Theory of Recollection: between lives, soul exists in 1-3 between lives and during.

Mimetic Theories

Mimesis:“imitation” “representation” ( star wars theme) (dog bark with violin sounds in show)

“resemblance” (sensory likeness)

Representation

• Illusion (mimetic resemblance)

• Conventions (symbolism, resemblance, unimportant)..need knowledge, such as paintings for sait, countries, etc)

Over all, you need some resemblance and some conventions.

“seeing as”

(duck/rabit picture)

You have to see the simularities between the work of art and the thing that is represented.

“seeing in” (you see the object of the rose in the picture) (clouds, see pictures in the clouds..clouds are coincidence...paintings are on purpose)

__

General notes

Old of

Art:

1. human skill or technique

2. the product of such a skill or technique (man made)

Art as objective versus art of subjective

must define/ Identify art

must evaluate art (good or bad)

interpreting art

Expressive Theory of Art

Romanticism (18-19^th Century)

1. Tolstoy

• Art is the contagion of feelng. Expresses and evokes emotion to audience. They're contagious. Expresses bad emotions is bad art. Expresses good emotions is good art. Form of communication. No special knowledge required to audience. Should have good morals.

2. Croce and Collingwood

• ratonal/conceptual thought, on the other hand intuition(grasp some fact that there is something there) (croce), imagination (collingwood).

4 Stages of Mental Processes

1. immediate sense perception (eyes) (you feel emotions unconsciously “psychical expression” or physical symptoms)

2. become aware of objects as unique things (via intuition)(Conscious apprehension of emotion-imagination)

(rational thought used to classify and generalize is..3 and 4)

3. we use rational thought to identify the practical purposes/uses of things.

4. Rational thought to identify morally appropriate purposes of things.